The First World War (WWI) :: World War 1 I One

Chapter 1: The Right to Make War Since 1795, when Immanuel Kant published in his old age his treatise on "Perpetual Peace," many have considered it an established fact that war is the destruction of all good and the origin of all evil. In spite of all that history teaches, no conviction is felt that the struggle between nations is inevitable, and the growth of civilization is credited with a power to which war must yield. But, undisturbed by such human theories and the change of times, war has again and again marched from country to country with the clash of arms, and has proved its destructive as well as creative and purifying power. It has not succeeded in teaching mankind what its real nature is. Long periods of war, far from convincing men of the necessity of war, have, on the contrary, always revived the wish to exclude war, where possible, from the political intercourse of nations. This wish and this hope are widely disseminated even today. The maintenance of peace is lauded as the only goal at which statesmanship should aim. This unqualified desire for peace has obtained in our days a quite peculiar power over men's spirits. This aspiration finds its public expression in peace leagues and peace congresses; the Press of every country and of every party opens its columns to it. The current in this direction is, indeed, so strong that the majority of Governments profess--outwardly, at any rate--that the necessity of maintaining peace is the real aim of their policy; while when a war breaks out the aggressor is universally stigmatized, and all Governments exert themselves, partly in reality, partly in pretense, to extinguish the conflagration. Pacific ideals, to be sure, are seldom the real motive of their action. They usually employ the need of peace as a cloak under which to promote their own political aims. This was the real position of affairs at the Hague Congresses,[1] and this is also the meaning of the action of the United States of America, who in recent times have earnestly tried to conclude treaties for the establishment of Arbitration Courts, first and foremost with England, but also with Japan, France, and Germany. No practical results, it must be said, have so far been achieved. We can hardly assume that a real love of peace prompts these efforts. This is shown by the fact that precisely those Powers which, as the weaker, are exposed to aggression, and therefore were in the greatest need of international protection, have been completely passed over in the American proposals for Arbitration Courts.

Osmosis Lab Report Essay

Abstract: The objectives of this lab was to be able to create models of cells with the dialysis tubing to show us how the plasma membrane is selectively permeable, to study the effects of osmosis on a model cell, and to foresee the effect of solute concentration on osmosis. In order to achieve these objectives, we had to fill the dialysis tubing with either water, or different amounts of sucrose. We then tied off the tubes and put them into beakers of distilled water to see how the color changed in the bag/beaker. The result was that the more sucrose in the bag, the greater the final mass. Introduction: The reasons for doing this lab are so that we can learn about osmosis with a model similar to a cell and so that we can have a better understanding of the process and nature of osmosis. Osmosis is diffusion but with water molecules. A concentration gradient exists and because of this, diffusion of solutes can’t happen. Very select things can pass in and out, such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In this situation, a large molecule of starch would be dissolved in water because the molecule is too big to fit through the membranes pores. Since the membrane in permeable to water molecules, it causes the water molecules to diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. This movement itself is osmosis. To determine if the concentration of solutions is isotonic (solute is equal to the cell), hypotonic (solute is lower outside of the cell), or hypertonic (solute is higher outside of the cell), you measure the total amount of particles in the solution. My hypothesis is: if the dialysis tubing that is filled with sucrose solution and fully emerged in a beaker of distilled water, then the water will seep into the dialysis tubing and the tubing will become a greater mass. The independent variables in this lab are the beakers of distilled water, and the amount of sucrose (0.2-1.0M). The dependent variables are the final mass of the bag, the change in the mass of the bag, and % change in the mass of the bag. The control is the amount of sucrose solution and distilled water (10ml). * Rinse out the medicine cup between solution uses. Don’t forget to gently squeeze out the excess air in bags. * Tie off the other end of all dialysis tubing with a piece of string. Run the bag under water for just a moment. After, gently squeeze the bag to check if it is leaking. If there’s a leak, be sure to retie it tightly/tighter. * Dry the outside of the tubing with a paper towel and use the balance to measure the mass of all 6 bags separately. Record the masses. * Place the bags into their corresponding beakers and fill the beakers with distilled water enough that the dialysis tubing is completely submerged in the distilled water. Wait 30 minutes to let osmosis happen. * After the time’s up, remove the bag from the beakers, wipe off excess liquid gently, and record the bags’ masses separately. Record the masses. * For all solutions, subtract the initial mass from the final mass to get the change in mass of the bag. Record the positive or negative results. * For all solutions, take the results from the last step and divide it by the initial mass, then multiply it by 100 to get the percent change in mass for each bag. Record the percentages. * Calculate the class average % change in mass for each solution. Record results. Results: Discussion: The data is stating that the mass has risen after the 30 minute time period. Osmosis has occurred, because the water molecules have diffused into the dialysis tubing. I have concluded that my hypothesis was correct, since the date reinforces that the mass is greater after being put into the beakers of distilled water. Some sources of error could’ve been when we found out that one of our bags was leaking, another would be when the sucrose solution was spilled out of the dialysis tubing and it got all over the outside and we might’ve not wiped off all of the solution off. More errors could be not covering the bags completely with distilled water or not leaving the bags in the beakers for exactly 30 minutes. Some modification that could be made to the lab to improve it could be having the same length of tubing/string, and stopwatches for timing 30 minutes exactly. Also, putting the tubing in at the same time so the timing is all on point could help with accuracy. Questions that came to mind during this lab were; Is the timing correct and how much will it affect the results? Are the solutions of sucrose sitting in the bags waiting while we fill the others going to change/be affected? Are any of the bags leaking or have any excess solution outside of the bag? Further research could be why the sucrose solution doesn’t diffuse through the membrane and what other solutions would have a similar effect as the sucrose solution. Acknowledgements: Thank you to all of my sources including; my lab partners: Emily Bartholet, Emily Shephard, and Juliana Hartlove, the AP Biology Lab paper, Ms. Bell, and biology.arizona.edu for all of your help and assistance. Sources: AP, C. B. (2008). AP Biology Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Activity 1b: Osmosis. â€Å"Student Background Information.† The Biology Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.

Aids/Hiv Essay 10 - 637 Words

AIDS/HIV The HIV virus poses one of the biggest viral threats to human society today. It is contracted through bodily fluids such as blood and semen, and sometimes even saliva and tears. AIDS kills 100% of its victims and puts them through agony before they die. It has been a threat for about 15 years, and it is not going to stop now. In fact, AIDS is just getting started: It consumes more people each year. There is no known treatment for it either, only antibiotics to slow the reproduction of the virus. HIV is passed from one person to another by bodily fluids only. It is usually gotten through sexual intercourse or other intimate contact, through the exchanging of unsterilized intravenous needles, or by the contact of†¦show more content†¦The life expectancy of an AIDS victim after the birth of symptoms is 1 to 5 years. AIDS was believed to have begun in Central Africa around 1979. Nearly all of the first AIDS patients were male homosexuals. However, after 1989 90% of all new cases of AIDS were from heterosexual intercourse. Public awareness rose as famous people began to die, like Rock Hudson, Perry Ellis, Michael Bennett, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Tony Richardson. Basketball star Magic Johnson also reported having AIDS. The approximate number of AIDS cases in the U.S. alone is 65,000 and growing. So far, there is no treatment or vaccination for AIDS. With most viruses, the body produces antibodies that eventually destroy the virus. However, with HIV, natural antibodies are completely ineffective. Blood tests will not give accurate results of infection of HIV until between 2 weeks and 3 months after the initial infection. In 1987, the drug AZT (azidothymidine) had proved effective in slowing the growth of the virus, but it was lethal in large doses and some patients could not handle taking it at all. There was a new HIV- fighting chemical scientists found called DDI (dideoxyinosine) that was not as harmful to the patient and could be used in AZT ¹s place for more sensitive patients. In 1992 DDC (zalcitbine) was found to be useful for delaying the reproduction of HIV in patients with advanced AIDS, but only in conjunction with AZT. AIDS is one of an epidemic of super-deadlyShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Thailand Kingdom1477 Words   |  6 Pages Thailand kingdom is one of the success stories related to HIV incidence reduction. Located in the middle mainland peninsula of South East Asia region and surrounded by other 5 South East Asia countries (Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia), Thailand population has growth rapidly from 20.6 million in 1950 to around 66 million in 2015 (1,2). During 1980-1991 Thailand kingdom is one the countries that have a high rate of HIV/AIDS in South East Asia. It grouped with Cambodia, Burma and someRead MoreHIV : Useful Treatments For Infecting HIV807 Words   |  4 PagesHIV can currently be regulated by several successful treatments. The current rates of infection have been on the decline due to education, prevention, and getting people treatment according to UNAIDS1. However, a cure has not been found. With a rapidly changing virus, it will be hard to definitively create a cure anytime soon. However, there are a few new ways of treating the virus already infecting genomes of many peop le. These treatments will work with the current methods being used and will notRead MoreThe 1981 Hiv / Aids Epidemic1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1981 HIV/AIDS epidemic was a time of turmoil for the LGBT+ community due to the high transmission risk of HIV/AIDS between homosexuals (Richardson 5). Tension ran high within community, as different groups experienced different amounts of discrimination for their transmission risk. In particular, scholars find that â€Å"tensions between lesbian and bisexual women was much more problematic than tensions between gay and bisexual men† (Udis-Kessler 46). Despite the similarities of lesbian and bisexualRead MoreThe Main Cause Of Famine On Africa1674 Words   |  7 Pagesstill the case today is natural disasters.While environmental catastrophes may have played a part in causing famine to Africa it can not be discussed in isolation, there are other factors that have to be taken into consideration. The main aim of this essay is to give a critical discussion of the causes of famine in Africa today. To start with, natural disasters may have triggered famines in the past and that is still the case today in the African continent. For instance,in 2011 to mid 2012,east AfricaRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay And Bisexual Women1280 Words   |  6 Pageswomen â€Å"politically untrustworthy† (â€Å"Neutralizing the Political Threat† 9). 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Two Different Approaches To Literary Criticism Are Marxist

Two different approaches to literary criticism are Marxist criticism and feminist criticism. The Marxist approach looks at the hierarchy of the classes. â€Å"One form of historical criticism is Marxist criticism, name for Karl Marx (1818-1883). Actually, to say â€Å"one form† is misleading, since Marxist criticism today is varied, but essentially it sees history primarily as a struggle between socioeconomic classes, and it sees literature (and everything else) as the product of economic forces of the period† (1750). Alternatively, the feminist approach focuses on the differences between men and women. â€Å"Feminist criticism can be traced back to the work of Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), but chiefly it grew out of the women’s movement of the 1960s.†¦show more content†¦Thus, the feminist view shows that this play occurs during a sexist time in history. During the rising action in the play, we see that Linda is objectified, a workhorse, and is not seen outside of the home. She is always working and sleeps very little. She is obtuse to Willy’s lies. Willy has her believing that he is a well-liked man. Willy indicates that â€Å"the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates a personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want† (1578). He believes he represents the well-liked man. The Marxist view show the characters in the light of a hierarchical structure. The two structures are the working class and the dominating class. This is shown in the relationship between Howard and Willy, and Bernard and Biff. Howard is Willy’s boss. He owns the firm that he works. He gives the orders and Willy must follow them. When looking at Bernard and Biff, Bernard is the dominating class. He is the one that made it through college, unlike Biff who did not pass high school. Bernard is Charley’s son and works as a lawyer. 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A Modern Synthesis of Science with Eastern Christianity...

Introduction Since the dawn of consciousness, humans have strived to understand the world around them and their place in it. From the first naturalistic surveys of the flora and fauna of the earth painted on the rocky walls of fire-lit caves millennia ago to the enormously complex investigations into quantum physics ventured at today’s particle accelerators, human curiosity has known no bounds. By way of organizing the countless questions posed and answers sought, broad conceptions of science, reason, philosophy, and religion have been created and debated by humankind for centuries. Beginning in earnest during the Age of Reason following the Renaissance, two distinct ways of understanding the world seemed to form. On one hand,†¦show more content†¦Conceptions holding that science and religion should operate (epistemologically and philosophically) in basically the same manner lead to the Conflict or Integration models . At issue for philosophy, from the most formal seminars in lead ing universities to the most basic ideas of personal morality conceived by individuals world-wide, is achieving a supreme understanding of humanity and its role in the world. Should this understanding encompass both science and religion (Dialogue and Integration) or favor one or the other rather than some synthesis of both (Independence and Conflict)? How a specific philosophy answers these sets of essential questions determines how science and religion will interact and the role of each in a greater understanding of the world. It seems to me that the most complete and satisfying understanding of the world must take into account both scientific ideas of reason and rational progress in synthesis with some religious conception of a divine designer, infinite in power and scope. The reasons for this insistence for both shall become clear in the following pages. Science, as I will take it for the remainder of this essay, encompasses the various fields known as physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics and most of philosophy. It is a rational system based on a combination of reason, intellect, and empirical observations. Religion, as I will use it, refers to a specific outlook on Christianity developed in the easternShow MoreRelatedReligion : Science And Religion1273 Words   |  6 PagesScience and religion were based back in modern days to be the answer to everyone, and society as a whole to handle their issues through the church majority of the time, until science came along and changed the perspecti ve of everyone’s outlook on how they were to solve their conflicts. Within the world today they both still exist and are still being put to use for its main purpose which is to create answers to things we face that need a solution. 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Pied Beauty free essay sample

Pied Beauty a poem containing little words, but lots of literal terms and imagery. Hopkins tries to convey two primary points. The first point is conveying how all gods’ creations revolve back to him no matter what. The second point that is the main purpose of the poem, which is the beauty of the natural world and gods creations. Moreover, we clarify that the poet is a religious poet himself. There are two stanzas in the poem, but I will divide the poem to four sections. In section one which is located on the first line, the poet targets his main explanation in the poem, which is thanking god for creating â€Å"dappled things†. What do â€Å"dappled things† mean? â€Å"Dappled things† can simply allocate the variety of people, their cultures, their strengths and power; but in the end we are all the same when it comes to god’s perspective because we worship him who created us. We will write a custom essay sample on Pied Beauty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also means nature, which is supported in the next section. The second section lies between line two to mid-line six that signify and describe more the phrase of â€Å"dappled things†. The poet includes images and colors like â€Å"skies of couple-color† which may refer to the blue sky and white clouds combined making a image of dotted things. The poet mentions afterwards â€Å"brinded cow† which gives an image of black and white dots. It is also is the same image of the skies, but from a different perspective of gods creation. One is the perspective from the sky whilst the other is from an animal. They are both gods’ creations in the end anyway. The other image of â€Å"fresh firecoal chestnut† clarifies the relation between human actions and nature. It gives an image of how mankind creates ominous actions from nature but in the end they are all gods creations. Coal is made by nature freshly then human beings burn it using it for many purposes of their needs. It is also a beautiful image seeing coal, which is black, flare red flames and change colors to red then to grey ash. â€Å"Hopkins also included Landscape plotted and pieced† signifying how even the great land masses have been flattened and designated by god and when the poet said â€Å"plotted† the image of dappled things pops up again relating to how we are like dots to god. The next section is like 6 -7, which converts the writer’s focus from nature to mankind the use of â€Å"tackle†, shows a mankind action. The last section, which is the rest of the poem, gives more detail and abstract of mankind’s relation with nature. â€Å"Fickle and Freckle† signify how the human actions can vary but all from gods creations who gave us such abilities to do to nature its self. The poet alliterates â€Å"swift, slow, sweet, sour† showing also an image of what nature can do to mankind but can also be different perspectives of human personalities. In the end the poet finishes him poem by saying â€Å"praise god† because no matter what good or bad he has done, he does what he wants and creates what he wants.

Strategies for Ethical Reasoning free essay sample

The ethical principles traditionally applied in business and professional settings are acknowledged on numerous websites such as those belonging to the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and others. A synopsis of five of them appears below. 1 Ultimately, it falls on the individual not only to determine which ethical decision-making principle[s] best apply to the situation, but also to resolve conflicts that the iterative process may reveal. Here are some ideas to consider: Applying a number of principles, or approaches, helps to view the situation from different vantage points, and reveals facets of the problem perhaps not previously considered. A multi-faceted process encourages discussion with others and may elicit additional viewpoints as well as reveal how these positions may converge or differ. It fosters a fair evaluation of conflicting perspectives, each of which may be held for what appear to be good or right reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies for Ethical Reasoning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frequently, applying each of these principles separately can reach similar conclusions regarding a proposed action, although the reasons why it is seen as a wise or unwise choice may differ. Considering multiple approaches can strengthen the confidence among all concerned in a decision to decline a proposed course of action as inappropriate, when it might have once held wide support. Understanding the different reasons why an action might not be a good idea may also enable those concerned to conceive of better alternative actions that can achieve the same goal without inflicting the same harm. A multi-faceted evaluation can highlight which option of all the alternatives may be the best course to take, and can serve to build a consensus regarding that decision, particularly as key decision -makers reflect upon how their choice will be regarded in the public eye. Using numerous principles may also suggest the best way to carry out the decision. Finally, a multi-faceted process provides a structure with which to assess an action in the aftermath, and enables us to ask what practical wisdom we gained from the situation. Five Ways to Shape an Ethical Decision The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its consequences or outcomes, i. e. , the net benefits and costs to all stakeholders on an individual level. It strives to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number while creating the least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of suffering. It holds that every entitys interests should be considered equally when making the decision, and this includes those of other species since they also are capable of suffering. So for any set of options it would view the most ethical option as the one that produces the best balance of benefits over harm for the most stakeholders. Outcomes may be quantified in such terms as contentment and suffering, the relative value of individual preferences, monetary gain or loss, or the short-term and long-term effects of an action. In a business context, this approach might rely on a statistical analysis of probable outcomes, a classic costs/benefits assessment, and/or consider the marginal utility of a consequence for various stakeholders in the group. The Rights Approach focuses on respect for human dignity. It holds that our dignity is based on our ability to choose freely how we live our lives, and that we have a moral right to respect our choices as free, equal, and rational people, and a moral duty to respect others in the same way. Some of these rights are articulated in the U. S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; free speech and assembly; freedom of religion; property ownership; and to freely enter into contractual agreements and the right to receive whatever was ontractually agreed. Other rights might include the right to privacy, to be informed truthfully on matters that affect our choices and to be safe from harm and injury. A deeper understanding of human rights can be gained from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2 This approach asks us to identify the legitimate rights of ourselves and others, in a given situation, as well as our duties and obligat ions. Consider how well the moral, legal and contractual rights of everyone are respected and/or protected by the action, and assess how well those affected are treated as fully informed, sentient beings with the right to free consent instead of just as a means to an end. As such, the ethical action would be the one we have a moral obligation to perform that does not infringe on the rights of others, and may even enhance the moral rights of all concerned. When confronted with conflicting or competing interests or rights, we need to decide which interest has greater merit and give priority to the right that best protects or ensures that interest. For example, in the United States, the right to freedom of speech is generally protected, but citizens do not have the right to needlessly scream Fire! in a crowded theater or to engage in hate crimes. We may also want to ask whether we would want to be on the receiving end of an action if the situation was reversed, or what the impact would be if everyone performed an action. The Fairness Approach focuses on the fair and equitable distribution of good and harm, and/or the social benefits and social costs, across the spectrum of society. It starts with the premise that all equals should be treated equally, and that those who are unequal, or differ in some relevant way, should be treated differently in a manner that is fair and proportionate to, or commensurate with, their difference. A classic example would be the payment of a group of employees at different salary levels based on the contribution their work effort makes to the corporations profitability. Here we assess our action in terms of its fairness to those affected. Are those who are similar in some relevant aspect treated in the same way? Are those who are different in some relevant way treated differently based on a legitimate distinction and a standard of fairness? Are some favored in the case where they may receive certain benefits for no justifiable reason? Is there a discriminatory practice where some, who are no different than others, bear a burden that is not imposed on the rest? What are the relevant factors that determine similarities and differences of those in a group? What is the fair course of action for all the stakeholders or all entities that may be affected by the outcome? The Common Good Approach regards all individuals as part of a larger community; as such, we share certain common conditions and institutions upon which our welfare depends. For society to thrive, we need to safeguard the sustainability of our community for the good of all, including our weakest and most vulnerable members. Some things that nurture a healthy, functioning community: stable family life, good schools, affordable nourishment and health care, effective public safety, a just legal system, fair trade and commerce, a safe, well-managed ecosystem, an accessible technological environment, a well-maintained infrastructure and a peaceful society. The utilitarian principle weighs the net balance of goodness and harm produced by a certain action on a group of individuals, while this approach tests whether an action benefits or erodes a specific element of the common good. It weighs the effect on the fabric of the community. It encourages us to recognize how the freedoms and support we enjoy as individuals in pursuit of our own happiness are made possible by the sustained welfare of our community life. It invites us to ask what kind of society we are and want to become, and what actions we need to take to achieve that end. The Virtue Approach turns our attention to the elements of our individual character and disposition, which deepens our humanity and engender our relationships with others. These are the qualities that enable us to act in accordance with our higher selves. Different cultures may value certain virtues more than others but in general, virtues refer to such traits as honesty, kindness, patience, civility, compassion, diligence, self-reliance, loyalty, fairness, courage, tolerance, conscientiousness, generosity, temperance, self-control and prudence. The Virtue Approach causes us to ask whether a given action is reflective of the kind of person we are or want to be. Will it promote the kind of character we value within ourselves and for our community? Does it represent the kind of enterprise my business aspires to be? If the situation does not proceed as we expect, will this be something we can personally live with in the aftermath? Putting It to the Test Lets return to our example of the assistant account executive at the advertising agency, and examine how we can use these different approaches through the lens of that situation. What exactly is the assistant account executive being asked to do? He is being asked to falsify a financial report and misrepresent his agencys spending of client funds. What are the obvious consequences of this action? In the short term, the account supervisor will not have to account for some misappropriation of client funds that occurred before the assistant account executive joined the agency, and that may give her time to remedy the situation. The assistant account executive will prove he is a team player and will initially secure his job. The brand manager will be unaware that he may have a budget shortfall because he has not been apprised of the prior spending that has occurred for either his product or some other reason. Based on its client contract, the agency has a fiduciary responsibility to accurately report use of client funds in the long run. Not doing so invites a law suit as well as considerable harm to its reputation, which could result in the loss of other client relationships, which will erode profitability. Should this occur, the fate of those on the account team will not fare well. Who are all the stakeholders in this situation? These would include not just the immediate members of his account team and senior management, but also the agencys partners or shareholders and all of the agencys employees. Also included would be the brand management team, its senior management and potentially its customers and shareholders, if the packaged-goods company has to change agencies. Does the assistant account executive know all the facts he needs to know to make an informed decision? Yes and no. He should not need any additional information to know that falsifying a financial report is not a wise choice. However, understanding why the shortfall has occurred might enable him to see what other options are available to him besides the one his account supervisor is suggesting. Did the agency go over budget on a location shoot because it rained or because necessary production costs were simply underestimated—circumstances which could be addressed with the brand manager? Did the financial discrepancy occur at a higher accounting level and the account supervisor has not yet resolved it? Were the funds embezzled? Have the facts been reviewed with those who could offer good consul? No, the assistant account executive still has the opportunity to ask more questions of his account supervisor, her boss, the managing account supervisor, the account director or the director of human resources, as well as those on the creative side who could potentially explain production spending issues. From a utility perspective, is there a net benefit to falsifying the report? Possibly in the short term, the account supervisors happiness will be maximized but not that of any of the other stakeholders. In the long run, even her marginal utility would not be greater than for the others unless she can quickly resolve the discrepancy because her job would be at risk. The likelihood that the budget shortfall would go unnoticed for long is not high, and the costs of discovery far outweigh the benefits. Would the action respect the rights of others? No, the assistant account executive is being asked to do something against his better judgment, which undermines his sense of free choice and self-esteem. The brand manager and his company have the right to expect that their agency will honor their contractual agreement by adequately fulfilling their fiduciary responsibilities. Is there a good reason to make an exception and falsify the report on just one occasion? The risks and costs of discovery are too high. Would the account supervisor be pleased if the roduction team on the creative side falsified their financial report submitted to her? No, probably not. Does the action represent a fair distribution of benefits and harms? No, the action could potentially put the profitability of the entire agency at risk, and there is no justification for spending client funds unaccountably. Would the action ultimately safeguard the common good? No, it would undermine the expectation that business partners operate with trust and in good faith, which is at the very core of fair trade and commerce. Would a virtuous person falsify a financial report? Would doing so in this instance be in accordance with the kind of person the assistant account executive aspires to be? Is it representative of the kind of conduct the agency condones in its managers as a way of building its reputation and public trust? No, the assistant account executive would be falsifying the report against his better judgment and it would be an embarrassment to his agency should it come to light. Notes 1. â€Å"Ethics Education in Business Schools: Report of the Ethics Education Task Force to AACSB Internationals Board of Directors,† (2004) AACSB International. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. aacsb. edu/resources/ethicssustainability/publications. asp. Velasquez, Manuel and Dennis Moberg, Michael J. Meyer, Thomas Shanks, Margaret R. McLean, David DeCosse, Claire Andre, and Kirk O. Hanson, A Framework for Thinking Ethically, last revised in May, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html. 2. â€Å"The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights,† adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/.